Georg Baselitzs Orange Eater

Table of Contents Introduction Early life of Georg Baselitz The Orange Eater The Orange eater and the different theories in art Conclusions Bibliography Footnotes Introduction The field of art has been in existence since the ancient times. It provides a mechanism through which the artists express their feelings and emotions. Art encompasses a wide range of activities through which these individuals can express emotions or feelings.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Georg Baselitz’s Orange Eater specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This includes music, literature, paintings, and sculpture among many others. The products developed here are valued for their beauty or the information that it portrays to the viewers. The field has had certain developments over years due to the changing creative ability of the different individuals. The modes through which individuals express their feelings have changed o ver the periods in different parts of the world. Some modes of expression that have had significant developments are music, painting arts, and recently, the art of movie making. Certain artistic competitions bring together different artists of a given genre with different abilities thereby creating competition. The viewers of the arts products have also developed more interest on the information depicted by a given art product rather than its aesthetic value. These changes in the individual’s views of arts and artistic works explain the different generations of arts that have been witnessed in the recent past. Since there is a relationship between arts and the culture of a given group of people, the developments that have been registered in an area may be different from those registered in another area. One region whose art has been of interest is Germany. Some of the generations that have been observed in the German art include Neo-Expressionism, Modern Art, Post-modern art, and inverted art. The developments that were seen in the German art can be attributed to different individual. One of the artists of the twentieth century who had significant contributions is Georg Baselitz. Others like Hans Thoma dominated the field in the nineteenth century[1]. It should be noted that paintings (or any other artworks) should portray some meaning. In doing so, they should also express some sense of morals and be in line with the legal provisions in a given region. This paper focuses on the contributions of Baselitz to the German arts. Some of his works that had significant impacts are highlighted here. Germany also excelled in other arts apart from painting among photography[2]. The traditional arts involved manual creation of images. With the modern technology, some of these tasks could be performed by other devices. This includes computer arts, videos, and television programs. However, such applications have led to conflicting themes in the postmodern arts as th e products become personal and self-critical[3].Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Early life of Georg Baselitz George Baselitz was born on January 3, 1938 in Deutschbaselitz, Germany[4]. His original name was Hans-Georg Kern, the name Baselitz would be adopted later in 1961 when he was enrolled for a Masters course at Hochschule der Kunste. His life has revolved around the field of arts, starting as a painter and developing further skills to become a trainer. He has had significant contributions in changing the course the German throughout the second half of the twentieth century to this date. Baselitz had developed interest in artwork from his youth. He first encountered works of art in the school library (he was staying with his father and other family members in the school compound). Of more interest to him was the Expressionist impression that was depicted by the Germ an art. Folk arts, children arts, or art of the insane[5] were the fundamental themes in much of the German arts, and these he found interesting. He began painting human portraits and still-life drawings at the early age of 14-15[6]. In 1956, he enrolled for arts studies at the Academy of Fine and Applied Art, East Berlin. This marked the beginning of his adventures in the field of arts. The instructors at the institution claimed that most of his works had negative impressions and did not depict social and political maturity. Thus, he was later expelled from the academy and left for West Berlin where he continues with his art studies. Later on, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, West Berlin, where pursued his postgraduate studies. During this period (in 1960), he adopted the name Baselitz, a name that he derived from his hometown[7]. His career as an artist had significant developments throughout this decade. He was in the class of Professor Hann Trier and learned different th eories by arts scholars. Much of his work had emotional impressions that were appealing to the viewers in some way. By the mid-1960s, Baselitz had begun to focus on political issues. His paintings were seen to touch on transformational or revolutionary movements in the society. Towards the end of the decade, he embarked on a different approach to artwork, the inverted art, a unique generation of artwork that would be fully attributed to him. One of his works that invoked criticism was a naked woman that had been painted upside down. Baselitz and many others in the field of arts have been in fore front to fight the negative and false images that can be derived from artistic works. He has also extended his artworks beyond painting, by involving in wood sculpture among other arts. The Orange Eater The major developments in Baselitz’s artwork began in 1958 when he moved from East Berlin to West Berlin to continue with his study. It was at this time that he developed his first ori ginal work. His first original work was the imaginary portraits named â€Å"Uncle Bernhard.†[8]Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Georg Baselitz’s Orange Eater specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the same year, Baselitz began to work on another series â€Å"Rayski-Head,† and attended different exhibitions of Modern art New York. From the mid-1960s through the 1970s, Baselitz interacted with different people, collaborated with some of the artists, presented his works in different shows, and developed different series. Some of his works were condemned confiscated by the public officers for indecency[9]. The themes of his paintings varied from time to time and towards the end of 1970s, some of his works were abstract with fragmented pictures that did not provide initial impression. This explained the position that he took together with others regarding Neo-Expressionism (expressive paint ings with recognizable subject matter). Some of the early works of Baselitz like the still-life drawings, landscape drawings or human portraits were visual rendering. The exact image could be figured out by the viewers and the intended messages conveyed. Some of the paintings also applied allegory[10]. Images of ordinary objects were used as symbol to portray a different meaning in the social setup. However, other paintings were somehow abstract and had meanings that could not be figured out well. The â€Å"Orange Eater† was developed in the early 1980s alongside the other series â€Å"Drinker†/ â€Å"Trinker.† Orange Eater was developed in the Neo-Expressionism movement. The series had a shift from the themes of arts that had dominated the 1970s. It had been noted that most paintings of the 1970s were mainly conceptual. The conceptualists believed that more visual sensation of paintings meant low cognitive value.[11] At this time, there was a constant cry that artists should develop paintings whose theme can be easily understood by the viewers. As such, Baselitz and other German artists of the 1980s began to develop paintings that portrayed familiar objects. The artists expressed their emotions by using bright coloration on the objects drawn. With the re-introduction of this approach in the field of art, there was a significant change in the face of images, which could then be figured out by the viewers. However; some abstraction could still be seen in these Neo-Expressionist images. The Orange Eater and the other series that were produced in the 1980s had both positive and negative impacts on his career. The series of the 1980s saw the artist being invited for various shows outside the European continent. He received constant invitations to present in various arts galleries in the United States. Many artists developed interest in his works and many more sought to acquire the unique skills that were evident in him. Different training inst itutions sought for his aid in developing the appropriate skills required of an artist. This would determine his profession that he practices to date.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the development of Orange Eater in the Neo-Expressionism movement had certain negative impact that was general to the whole movement. Most of the paintings in these series portrayed images of naked human beings. This was seen by many critics as lack of morals by the artists. The Orange Eater was viewed differently in different parts of the world in relation to arts generation to which it belonged. This was most likely caused by the different development pace that was observed in the field of arts in different parts of the world. Most of the artists and the scholars in Europe considered the works of this series as post-modern art. On the other hand, the series was regarded as neo-expressionist by the artists and scholars in the United States. The Orange eater and the different theories in art It has been stated that different theories exist in the field of arts and some are still controversial to date. These theories include the modern theory, the neo-expressionism theory, the inverted art, and the postmodern theory. These theories had remarkable differences. They were also considered differently in different parts of the world. The modern art is the theory that can be considered as initial development from the traditional approach that was used in art. The theory has different chronology in different parts, having developed as early as the nineteenth century in some parts of the world. The theory adopted a narrative format for all the works of art. Art was considered as tool to describe the feelings of an individual. The theory also held on decency in the images that were to be used to give the expressions. The visual rendering of the images was key feature in this theory. The neo-expressionism began some time in the late 1970s following the abstraction of the paint images that were common at that time[12]. The painters ‘reasserted the creative possibilities of emotionalism, of narrative, and of historical content and of art historical references.’[13] The images before this period were mainly abstract and their meanings could be explained. The theory advocated for clear images to be produced by the artists. It rekindled the need to paint recognizable images like those of human beings so that the viewers could gauge the artist’s intent. It was widely spreads by the media promotion and marketing by the dealers in galleries.[14] However, the use of naked human beings in some paintings discredited this art theory. The theory was also seen to discriminate against females as most of the exhibitions carried during its period mainly male painters. In fact, there are certain exhibitions that involved no female painters at al. the theory prevailed in the field of arts in the 1970s and the 1980s. More criticisms led to adoption of other theories, some of which had been in existence before. The inverted art theory is purely attributed to Georg Baselitz following an image that he painted of a woman in an upside -down position.[15] However, the theory is of little use in the field of arts. The theory of post-modernism came as a development of the modern art.[16] Just as the theory of the modern art, this theory was adopted at different times in different parts of the world. It was evident as early as 1940s in the United States[17] and in the late 1960s in the European countries. In the US, this period designated the completion of another cycle of modern art[18]. The theory contrasted the narrative path and decency of the modern art. The theory also differed from the neo-expressionism in that it had no gender issues. The Orange Eater series does not take a narrative path. It is characterized by lack of decency. Thus, the series suffice to have followed a post-modern theory of art. Conclusions The field of arts has an endless loop of transformation due to the new ideas that emerge among the different artists. Different theoretical approaches following the different abilities pf the artists an d the divergent values attached to paintings and other works of arts. The contributions of Georg Baselitz to the field of arts cannot be underestimated. He has been depicted to have unique skills and artistic abilities that have generated different approaches to arts. His current career as a trainer in the field of arts designates the climax of his contributions to this field. Bibliography Baselitz, Georg. Nostalgia in Istanbul-Biography. Web. Baselitz, George. Biography, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc. 1994-2010. Web. Fichner-Rathus, Louis. Foundations of Art and Design. New Jersey: Cengage Brain, 2007 Honour, Hugh and Fleming, John. A world history of art. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2005 Hopkins, David. After Modern Art; 1945-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Kort, Pamela. Georg Baselitz talks to Pamela Kort – ’80s Then – Interview. 2003. Web. Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The postmodern explained: correspondence, 1982-1985. New York: Amazon, 1993 . McLachlan, Gerald. The rough guide to Germany. New York: Amazon, 2004. Mooney, Kempton. The evolution of conceptual art in America, (FKM Books). Neo-Expressionism. Web. Schulte-Peevers, Andrea. Lonely Planet Germany. (Germany: Lonely Planet, 2010). Selz, Peter. German expressionist painting. California: University of California, 1974. Smith, Bernard. The Femalesque: a guide to modern art and its history. Australia: Palgrave Macmillan Australia, 2007. Wilder, Joseph. Art history for dummies. Chicago: dummies, 2007. Wilson, Brent. Art visual culture, and child /adult collaborative images: recognizing the other than. Art journal. Penn Sylvia: the Penn Sylvia State University. 2007. Footnotes Gordon McLachlan, The rough guide to Germany (New York: Amazon, 2004), 336. Andrea Schulte-Peevers, Lonely Planet Germany (Germany: Lonely Planet, 2010), 75 Jesse Bryant Wilder, Art history for dummies (Chicago: dummies, 2007), 372. Georg Baselitz, Nostalgia in Istanbul, n.d, para.1 George Basel itz Biography, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc. 1994-2010. Baselitz, n.d, para.2 Baselitz, n.d, para.8 Baselitz, n.d, para.5 Pamela Kort, Georg Baselitz Talks to Pamela Kort- ‘80s Then- Interview (April 2003): para.5 Peter Selz, German expressionist painting (California: University of California, 1974), 153. Kempton Mooney, The evolution of conceptual art in America (FKM Books), 3 Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A world history of art (London: Laurence King Publishing, 2005), 877. Lois Fichner-Rathus, Foundations of Art and Design (New Jersey: Cengage Brain, 2007), 304. Neo-Expressionism, n.d, para.1 Brent Wilson. â€Å"Art visual culture, and child /adult collaborative images: recognizing the Other than† Art journal (2007). Jean-Francois Lyotard, The postmodern explained: correspondence, 1982-1985 (New York: Amazon, 1993), 13. David Hopkins, After Modern Art; 1945-2000. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); 12 Bernard Smith, The Femalesque: a guide to modern art and i ts history (Australia: Palgrave Macmillan Australia, 2007), 105. 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Oxygen Consumption in Cellular Respiration

Oxygen Consumption in Cellular Respiration Introduction   Dormant seeds are seeds that are living but have a seed coat around them. They have all the supplies they need to process and have a metabolism, and they would be able to germinate if they were under the right conditions.1 Germination occurs when dormant seeds are placed in the right conditions to start to enlarge and open so roots start to protrude. Oxygen, water, temperature, and amount of light are all important factors for germination. For peas to germinate, they need a dark, warm environment after soaking in water.   Cellular respiration is a metabolic process. Eventually, catabolic reactions are used to break down an organic molecule to release energy. Cellular respiration occurs through three stages: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and oxidation phosphoralation. Cellular respiration is aerobic, and glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) go into the reaction, and through the process, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and up to 38 ATP are produced. This means that during the process, the glucose is broken down and the oxygen is consumed. As this happens, carbon dioxide and water come out and energy is released into the cell.   The general gas equation, otherwise known as the Ideal Gas Law, states: PV=nRT such that P is pressure, V is gas volume, n is the amount of gas molecules, R is the gas constant that remains the same and is measured in units of the other aspects, and T is temperature of the gas. The general gas equation is important because it shows that pressure and volume are inversely proportional in the molecules and temperature stays the same. Also, if the molecule number stays the same, but the temperature changes, the pressure and volume are directly proportional to temperature and one or both will change in the same direction. A respirometer measures how much oxygen is used during cellular respiration. The basic concept is, as oxygen from the air in the respirometer will be consumed in the reaction; the volume of the oxygen gas decreases, and the pressure decreases as well. When the pressure decreases, water from outside the respirometer will proportionally come into the pipette, and if the amount entering is measured, then the amount of oxygen consumed is the same. Potassium hydroxide solution reacts with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate. The carbon dioxide will be completely used in the reaction, so none will be left in the surroundings. In the experiment, the carbon dioxide that is produced will move towards the 15% KOH solution and will create the solid potassium carbonate. Therefore, any volume change is not related to the CO2.   The purpose of the experiment is to determine how much O2 is used in cellular respiration. In addition, the different rates of reactions of germinated peas compared to dry peas is tested to determine if one is more efficient, and different temperatures are tested to see which has the greatest effect. It was hypothesized that the germinated peas will have a higher rate of reaction and therefore consumes more oxygen than the dry peas. Also, the peas in the warmer water will have a higher rate of reaction as well. Materials and Methods 50mL tube H2O Tub with 10 ° C Water Extra ice Tub with room-temperature Water 50 germinating peas 50 dried peas Glass beads Paper towels Six vials Six stoppers with glass calibrated pipettes attached Absorbent cotton Nonabsorbent cotton Dropper 6mL 15% KOH solution 6 weights Tape Thermometer The room temperature water tub was placed out before the experiment took place to insure that the water reached equilibrium. Ice was added to the water of the second tub to keep a constant temperature of 10 ° C. This temperature was maintained by adding ice when needed throughout the experiment. A tube was filled with 25mL of H2O. 25 germinating peas were added, and the water displacement was recorded. This was the volume of the 25 germinating peas. The peas were then placed on a paper towel to dry off. The tube was refilled, and 25 dried peas were added. Glass beads were added until the same volume of germinating peas was reached. The peas and beads were placed on a paper towel to dry. The tube was refilled and only glass beads were added until the germinating peas volume was reached. The beads were placed on a paper towel to dry. The process of adding germinating peas, dried peas, and glass beads to 25mL of H2O was repeated so there were two sets of each. Next, the respirometers were created. Absorbent cotton was placed on the bottom of each of the six vials. One milliliter of 15% KOH was placed on the cotton, making sure that the sides of the vials remained dry. Nonabsorbent cotton was placed on top of the moistened cotton. For vial 1, the first set of germinating peas was placed on top of the cotton. Vial 2 had the first set of dried peas and beads, and vial three had the first set of only beads. Vial four had the second set of germinating peas, vial five had the second set of dried peas and beads, and vial six and the second set of beads. The stoppers with the pipettes were placed in each vial. A weight was attached to the bottom of each. Tape was placed across each tub to create a sling. The first 3 vials were placed in the tub of room-temperature water, and the last three were placed in the 10 ° C water tub. The pipettes of all were placed on the sling so that the vials were not completely in the water. After seven minutes, all the respirometers were submerged in the water so that the numbers on the pipette could still be read. After 3 minutes, the initial water amount was recorded for each vial. The temperature in both tubs was recorded. The water position was recorded for each vial in both tubs every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. Once done, the respirometers were taken apart, the cotton and peas were discarded, and the rest of the respirometers were washed and dried. The water in the tubs was discarded in the sink. Results It was hypothesized that the germinating peas would have a faster rate of reaction than the dried peas, and the ones in the room temperature water would have a better reaction rate than the ones in 10 ° water. The results support the hypothesis. As shown in Table 3, the difference column shows the initial reading minus the reading of the time for each vial, this represents how much water has entered into the pipette since the beginning of the experiment. If the water entered more, then the pressure inside the vial must have decreased, therefore the oxygen in the vial must have been consumed during the experiment. The germinating peas had much more of a difference than the dried peas. Therefore, oxygen was consumed must faster in the germinating peas than the dried ones. The hypothesis was correct. The glass beads were the control of the experiment, since there was no respiration taking place in those respirometers; therefore, if there were any outside forces affecting the experiment, they would be detected in this respirometer. In table 3, the difference in the initial and each time check was shown for beads. The pressure did change slightly in both the room temperature and 10 ° C water. This could be due to the temperature change of the air, resulting in the temperature change in the water and respirometer. According to the general gas law, if the temperature increases, the pressure or volume will also increase, and this would cause the water to leave the pipette. Therefore, the difference would be negative since there is less water in the tube than the initial amount. The corrected differences shown in Table 3 are found by subtracting the difference of the beads initial reading and reading at the moment from the difference between the initial amount and the reading of the moment of the peas. This is the amount of pressure just lost only due to cellular respiration. When the corrected difference is negative, that means that the pressure increased in the vial, as discussed above. The corrected differences in the 20 ° water are shown in Figure 1. The germinating peas increased a lot more than the dried peas, shown by the steep slope of the germinating peas in 20 ° C water. The dried peas actually had a negative corrected difference, which indicates either an increase in pressure or increase in temperature. Figure 2 shows the corrected differences in the 10 ° C water. The germinating peas still had a higher rate of reaction for cellular respiration in the colder water. The dried peas had a negative corrected difference, so like the ones in the r oom temperature water, this indicates either temperature of pressure increases around the respirometers. The hypothesis that cellular respiration would occur more in the room temperature respirometers than the 10 ° C water was correct. The germinating peas in the room temperature water consumed far more oxygen than the ones in the 10 ° water. As shown in Table 3, in the first five minutes, the germinating peas in the room water caused the pressure to drop .2 mL in the respirometer. The ones in the cold water only caused the pressure to drop .06mL, the big difference already shows that higher temperatures affect cellular respiration positively. Figure 3 shows the two germinating peas in the different water. The ones in room temperature water have a steep slope compared to the ones in the 10 ° C water. The curves indicate that the cellular respiration increased faster in the germinating peas in the room temperature water than the ones in the 10 ° C water. The difference between the two temperatures shows that the cellular respiration has an ideal temperature to achieve efficiency of the respiration, and that room temperature is better than 10 ° C water.

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